tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5491220859163652191.post3278259310544591870..comments2024-02-25T13:20:09.766-08:00Comments on Stranger than you can imagine: The physiology behind xenophobiadaedalus2uhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10416564922288784455noreply@blogger.comBlogger51125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5491220859163652191.post-40630755459491721352020-05-02T08:02:58.697-07:002020-05-02T08:02:58.697-07:00This comment has been removed by a blog administrator.Anonymoushttps://www.blogger.com/profile/09775143992453970114noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5491220859163652191.post-81484919019083085792020-03-29T06:51:18.336-07:002020-03-29T06:51:18.336-07:00This comment has been removed by a blog administrator.nuvigarminhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/12375279533230046863noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5491220859163652191.post-86832695971260500892014-05-10T10:51:14.914-07:002014-05-10T10:51:14.914-07:00Great article. I agree with everything as I have e...Great article. I agree with everything as I have exactly the same thoughts. I just use different definitions to describe them.<br /><br />Xenophobia is really well explained here. One thing that is missing is why we have xenophobia in the first place. You could explain ingroup-outgroup and how your extended family was your ingroup with a well functioning tit-for-tat. While people who wanted resources from your group without giving anything back were your outgroup.Jurijhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/02629194072843135992noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5491220859163652191.post-7455471770242193942014-01-04T06:41:06.331-08:002014-01-04T06:41:06.331-08:00Did you watch the debate where the moderator asked...Did you watch the debate where the moderator asked Ron Paul what do do if someone required long term hospitalization and couldn't pay for it? The tea partiers said “let him die”. Ron Paul said “let charities” pay for it, but there are not enough charities with enough money to do so, so Ron Paul is also saying “let him die”, but in “Libertarian-speak”. <br /><br />How is it “Libertarian” to use something and not pay for it? Who is paying for putting CO2 in the atmosphere? Certainly not the people who profit by doing so. Who is going to pay to mitigate the climate change all that CO2 is causing? Who is going to compensate the people who will be flooded when sea level goes up? <br /><br />How is it “Conservative” to wreck and despoil the Earth? I agree with you that those terms (Libertarian and Conservative) are not well defined. Usual practice now is to use them as tribal identities, so that a self-proclaimed “Conservative” can be against a government too large to provide food and healthcare to citizens (and even soldiers) without enough, but wants a government big enough to monitor everyone's bedroom and every woman's reproductive organs. <br /><br />Market solutions can only work when there are no unpriced externalities. It seems the whole way of thinking of self-described Libertarians is simply to pretend that those externalities do not exist. If they don't exist, then no one needs to pay for them, hence Global Warming Denial. <br /><br />I try to apply the same standards to everything, medicine, skepticism, science, politics, it is all the same to me. I appreciate that many people can't do that. If there are no correct facts that can be linked together with valid logic to construct an idea, that idea is likely wrong. If there are correct facts that can be linked together to construct an idea, then the idea is likely correct. If there are no correct facts inconsistent with the correct-fact constructed idea, that idea is very likely correct. That is why I am a Liberal, a Feminist, and a Progressive. That is why reality has a liberal bias. It is more important for my ideas to be actually correct (actually correspond with reality) than for them to be perceived to be correct (correspond with the dominant paradigm). I have spent too much effort training my mind to work this way, I am not going to throw it away for some feel-good idiocy from ignorant demagogues and those whose highest aspiration is to be a “ditto-head”. <br /><br />If you want me to consider an idea, show me the facts and logic that lead to it.daedalus2uhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/10416564922288784455noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5491220859163652191.post-88369211269753569532013-12-31T18:38:50.686-08:002013-12-31T18:38:50.686-08:00Your segues into politics do you a disservice. You...Your segues into politics do you a disservice. You attack some really low hanging fruit (Palin, really?) and vastly overgeneralize Conservative, and in your comments, Libertarian philosophy.<br />You stress the importance of science, but cannot see that *Liberal* politics has a pretty bad track record when it comes to issues of tolerance and with respect to matters of science.<br />For the record, Libertarian ideology concerns itself with market-based solutions to problems and certainly doesn't believe in zero-sum anything. Furthermore, please don't conflate Conservative and Libertarian policies, there isn't much overlap. The Tea Party also comes under undeserved fire. We should all be happy to see any group challenging the power structure, since our media ceased to do it properly years ago when it started to pretend to "impartiality."<br />You seem quite learned on your medical topics but I cannot evaluate them as well as I'd like to be able to. My medical knowledge is self-taught and I struggle with understanding PubMed abstracts in many cases.<br />I came to your blog after reading your posts over at SBM. Your politics are so simplistic and biased they reduce the impact of your medical essays.<br />I am a cheerleader science whenever possible.Anonymousnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5491220859163652191.post-23611697594639358132012-07-20T04:27:25.021-07:002012-07-20T04:27:25.021-07:00Thanks for the article, very effective information...Thanks for the article, very effective information.sitehttp://www.knopm.uw.edu.pl/forum/index.php?action=profilenoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5491220859163652191.post-53097496296190117392012-05-31T09:27:20.487-07:002012-05-31T09:27:20.487-07:00If we can produce a disconnect between believing s...If we can produce a disconnect between believing stories that someone tells and acquisition of power and authority, then maybe there will be a way to move society to more science and reasoning based.Dirk Steelehttps://www.blogger.com/profile/14805439058673725058noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5491220859163652191.post-41908628025893018812012-05-30T18:19:34.524-07:002012-05-30T18:19:34.524-07:00Your view.. on Neurologica's blog
'BillyJ...Your view.. on Neurologica's blog<br /><br />'BillyJoe, evolution being the scientific theory which has the most supporting evidence by far, in every field, by many orders of magnitude, someone who tries to boost their “skeptic” cred by claiming to be so skeptical that they are even skeptical of evolution, doesn’t know the meaning of the term “skeptical”.; They are a denier.<br /><br />Was Galileo a 'denier'? Or Bruno?<br />I happen to agree with Popper. One's first duty as a scientist is not to confirm one's bias but to attempt to refute it. The truth will then emerge.Anonymousnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5491220859163652191.post-91343840130826622472012-05-30T06:26:38.823-07:002012-05-30T06:26:38.823-07:00http://www.sumanfernando.com/Nature%20of%20diagnos...http://www.sumanfernando.com/Nature%20of%20diagnosis.pdfAnonymousnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5491220859163652191.post-2022233965090706152012-05-29T15:56:52.563-07:002012-05-29T15:56:52.563-07:00An excellent post. One that I will need to read ag...An excellent post. One that I will need to read again to further my understanding. I still do not understand how you can be so anti 'anti-psychiatry'. (a horrendous term that has been imposed on those that reject the biological disease theory of mental illness.) You would not disagree with Szasz or Bentall. It is life's experience that can cause brain change resulting in mental distress. The cure is not a lobotomising 'drug' but a change in the experiences experienced.Anonymousnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5491220859163652191.post-20649632131885293752011-10-25T01:46:11.223-07:002011-10-25T01:46:11.223-07:00Hi, I'm a student currently working on a proje...Hi, I'm a student currently working on a project for one of my classes. The section of your blog titled Social Hierarchies: Ubuntu and the Abrahamic Religions contains relevant information that I would like to use in my project. I am curious to know if you have a title in the field relevent to your blog, so I can correctly reference this resource. If you have no title in the field, your name would suffice. <br />My contact email is fairyfloss.x3@live.com.au<br /><br />Many thanks :)Anonymousnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5491220859163652191.post-78563556106659589772011-05-05T18:49:57.368-07:002011-05-05T18:49:57.368-07:00hbd, that is not correct. Xenophobia is irration...hbd, that is not correct. Xenophobia is irrational because it occurs before one knows if it is appropriate to be afraid or not. Maybe fear is appropriate, but if everyone who is not your clone triggers such fear that you destroy them, that is not adaptive. <br /><br />Xenophobia can be triggered against one's own children. That xenophobia is not about “competition” in the sense that you are using it. An infant is not a competitive threat, and certainly is not a competitive threat to its parent. Under extreme stress, yes, parents will kill and eat their offspring. That is not a usual behavior. It is an unusual behavior that is triggered by extremes of stress. The physiology can be triggered by other things. <br /><br />“Competition” that is dysfunctional is defective competition and is irrational in every sense of the word. <br /><br />Feelings of xenophobia can drive “competition” to dysfunctional levels that do not aid in survival. Not the survival of individuals, not the survival of families, not the survival of tribes, not the survival of nations or even of the entire human race. Evolution doesn't always pick “the best” strategy, evolution selects for traits that minimize the sum of non-reproduction from all strategies combined. <br /><br />The archetypal social mechanism is maternal bonding and is mediated through oxytocin. I think the archetypal anti-bonding mechanism is maternal anti-bonding aka postpartum psychotic infanticide. I think that is also mediated through oxytocin, but under extreme metabolic stress. There are circumstances where postpartum psychotic infanticide is a “feature”, which is why humans exhibit it. Usually it is not, but under conditions of extreme metabolic stress, all mammalian mothers need a mechanism to shed an unsustainable lactation metabolic load. All mammals do have such a mechanism, in humans it is postpartum psychotic infanticide. The mechanism that caused Andrea Yates to kill her children. <br /><br />Going with one's evolution derived feelings is not always the best thing to do. <br /><br />Hating someone because they are different and trigger your xenophobia is not rational. It is irrational. Hating gay men and killing them does not provide a survival or reproductive benefit to straight men. Why do homophobes do it? Because they are irrationally following the xenophobia that has been triggered. <br /><br />Most conservatives and libertarians are stuck in a zero-sum mind set. There are only a few zero-sum things, where if someone else has any then you have less. Social power is one, territory is another, mates of reproductive age is zero sum for males, not so much for females. <br /><br />Many things are not zero-sum. Economic growth is not zero sum. Treating the economy as if it is zero-sum will make it zero-sum. <br /><br />The problem with “competition” of the type conservatives and libertarians want is that it is zero-sum. Since it is zero sum, and money is what gets summed, and since money is necessary for survival, you are advocating competition until the losers die. Since you are advocating a scenario where the losers die, those “losers” have every right to choose a different scenario where you die instead of them. Is that what you really want? <br /><br />That is the lesson that the veterans of WWII learned. “There are no rules in love and war”. If you put people in desperate situations, they will do desperate things. If you want people to not do desperate things, then you have to ensure that they are not put in desperate situations. Of course if you so hate the people you are putting in desperate situations that you are willing to kill them when they do desperate things, then they have every right to kill you first. Of course libertarians and conservatives don't think that way, because they can't imagine that “the other” could possibly do something like that, even though that is exactly what they would do in their place.daedalus2uhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/10416564922288784455noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5491220859163652191.post-7013952099878582872011-05-05T14:04:44.242-07:002011-05-05T14:04:44.242-07:00hi d2u!
i think you make many very good points he...hi d2u!<br /><br />i think you make many very good points here about how nts and aspies have difficulties understanding each other because we have such very different sorts of minds. you are very right on, i think!<br /><br />however, i don't think you've delved deep enough into the roots of xenophobia. you need to start with the meaning of life (no, not the monty python movie!).<br /><br />what's it all about? well, afaics, it's all about genes replicating themselves and, yes, like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Selfish_Gene" rel="nofollow">dawkins said</a>, we organisms are just survival machines for our genes.<br /><br />genes are in a (bizarre) race with one another to reproduce themselves. they have to deal (sorry about the anthropomorphism) with the annoying situation of limited resources here on earth. so, what happens? competition.<br /><br />so, genes compete with each other, thus organisms compete with each other. family members compete with each other, extended family members compete with each other, <em>really</em> exteneded family members compete with each other, tribes compete with each other, ethnicities compete with each other, races compete with each other, species compete with each other, etc., etc.<br /><br />THAT'S where xenophobia comes from. it's a misnomer, really. it's not an <i>irrational</i> fear of "the other", it's a VERY RATIONAL fear because "the other" is actually in direct competition with us. and the more unrelated genetically, the stronger the "anti" feelings will be.<br /><br />cooperation can and does happen, of course. if something is mutally beneficial, organisms might work together. but <em>only</em> if it furthers each of their chances to reproduce further. no one on this planet does anything out of sheer kindness.hbd chickhttp://hbdchick.wordpress.comnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5491220859163652191.post-60248211093924042672011-04-16T19:58:46.784-07:002011-04-16T19:58:46.784-07:00I have seen the press for the book and have been i...I have seen the press for the book and have been in contact with SBC and have sent him this writeup on xenophobia. I have met him, and my experience of him is that he does want to do the right thing and to understand things correctly but the NT privilege that all NTs have interferes with that. <br /><br />Your experience with oxytocin is very interesting. I have a very hard time telling who is “in” and who is “out”. <br /><br />Maternal bonding is the archetypal mammalian social behavior, all other social behaviors are derivative of that. Because lactation in mammals is so energy intensive, there has to be a mechanism to turn maternal bonding into maternal anti-bonding when the mother doesn't have the metabolic resources to sustain lactation. <br /><br />Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase does block maternal bonding in ewes. At some point low NO likely triggers maternal anti-bonding, aka infanticide.daedalus2uhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/10416564922288784455noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5491220859163652191.post-38585284213778795682011-04-15T22:26:40.670-07:002011-04-15T22:26:40.670-07:00Yes. So I'm wondering if AS ToM is equally pri...Yes. So I'm wondering if AS ToM is equally primitive, automatic and uncontrollable but just without the need to locate oneself in a hierarchy. I'm not sure how it might then be defined. If it <i>is</i> similarly constrained, perhaps it would take someone 'more autistic' than us to see it. My hunch is that experimental psychology can provide answers; the scientific method itself being unbiased.<br /><br />My experiments with oxytocin were remarkable. Intense awareness of who was 'in' and 'out'. Boundless love for the former, hostility and fear of the latter; those feelings preceding any conscious reason for them. Very weird. I can imagine, if you lived with that perspective your whole life, you would believe it was rational and when asked the moral value of something/someone you could construct a story that <i>felt</i> right. I've seen this happen, probably we all have. The stunning revelation, for me, was that NTs absolutely believe in the correctness of their point of view. For them the hierarchy is their only god and it is real. <br /><br />Tiziana Zalla, the psychologist who co-authored that linked paper and who has studied Aspergers extensively, believes that NT ToM is a conscious process that leads to better awareness of morality. When morality and status within the hierarchy are confused like that... bad things are going to happen. Have you seen the press for Baron-Cohen's new book? He's going to explain Nazis in terms of empathy while he has no idea how to see outside the hierarchy. This won't go well for us.<br /><br />What we need is anti-oxytocin so they can gain our perspective.nerkulhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/04927301561819474314noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5491220859163652191.post-13121029660593810492011-04-15T20:29:22.641-07:002011-04-15T20:29:22.641-07:00I think the ToM and ToR are fundamentally differen...I think the ToM and ToR are fundamentally different and are incommensurate, that is not mapable onto each other. <br /><br />I don't think that NTs consciously project their assumptions. I think the ToM that an NT has is used as the default ToM and is a scaffold and is used to compare every other ToM to. I don't think this is a choice, I think it is simply how NT brains and minds work. They might be able to do things differently, but I am not sure they can. You can feel that someone is higher status, as a sycophant feels toward the king, or you can feel someone is lower status, the way a bigot feels toward the object of their bigotry. I think that fear can modulate this as in Stockholm Syndrome. <br /><br />I think that NTs don't have another way to communicate and think about other people except as projections through their ToM. That is why bigots really can't perceive the objects of their bigotry as human beings. The ToM of a bigot doesn't have the capacity to recognize as human what the bigot is bigoted against. <br /><br />This is what the tea partiers think about Obama. They can't perceive him to be human, so they make up all this nonsense about his birth certificate. Their feeling that he is non-human isn't on a conscious level, so they don't have access to it and can't change it with facts and logic because it doesn't derive from facts and logic. They can't allow facts and logic to interfere with the feelings of their ToM. <br /><br />I think from the ToM NTs obtain two things, their status in the social hierarchy, as well as communication protocols. Status in the social hierarchy is communicated via feelings generated in the ToM that modulate the activity of the brain and the ToM. How you “feel” when you are communicating with someone is what determines their social status relative to you (as you perceive it). <br /><br />I think that AS get some of the communication protocols but they don't “get” the social hierarchy stuff. They don't get the feelings that relay the social status (so much). <br /><br />Be careful with oxytocin. You might end up attached to something you would rather not be attached to. It may also trigger anti-bonding.daedalus2uhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/10416564922288784455noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5491220859163652191.post-17968136138078087182011-04-15T13:44:56.122-07:002011-04-15T13:44:56.122-07:00I'll add some thoughts here in case you don...I'll add some thoughts here in case you don't get back to me. <br /><br />I like this article a lot, i.e. it mirrors a lot of my own thinking. What I'm currently wondering is if NT ToM and AS ToM are symmetrical, merely different ToMs wherein some of us happen to be in the minority and thus suffer dysfunction, or if there's a more primitive difference. It seems to me that NTs are far more willing to project their assumptions (conversely, autistics don't judge NTs by the uncanny valley: is that asymmetry learned or innate?). Obviously that's a useful shortcut in society if most people are like you but is the imperative trainable or is it stuck in the 'on' position?<br /><br />My guess is NTs use ToM to work out the social hierarchy and they can't easily turn it off. Here is an example, I believe, of NT ToM being automatically applied in error:<br />http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/experiments-in-philosophy/200811/do-you-have-aspergers-syndrome<br /><br />^ those are smart philosophy people trying their damnedest to rationalise their assumptions. It seems to show that, okay if you shove enough gay pride down their throats they'll be smart and follow the herd, but their most basic view of other people is as projections of themselves. ToM stuck on 'on'.<br /><br />Relatedly, I recommend MDMA/oxytocin to gain insight into NT concepts of group identity. Deeply enlightening.nerkulhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/04927301561819474314noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5491220859163652191.post-74212276960827837452011-04-15T12:34:53.153-07:002011-04-15T12:34:53.153-07:00This comment has been removed by the author.nerkulhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/04927301561819474314noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5491220859163652191.post-49916380418103333492011-04-14T17:25:26.145-07:002011-04-14T17:25:26.145-07:00Yes, and I have something that makes the ASD ToM a...Yes, and I have something that makes the ASD ToM and ToR work a whole lot better. Not <i>different</i> but <i>better</i>.daedalus2uhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/10416564922288784455noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5491220859163652191.post-58686586956067706452011-04-14T12:44:39.582-07:002011-04-14T12:44:39.582-07:00@daedalus2u - "...the fundamental structure o...@daedalus2u - "...the fundamental structure of the ASD ToM doesn't match the NT ToM."<br /><br />ain't that the truth! (~_^)<br /><br />i don't have the time just now to read your whole post, but i'll be back. (^_^) it's been a while since i've (directly) thought about aspergers/autism related things. went through a 2-year phase a few years back where i read everything i could find about AS, but i've moved on since then (you know how it is!). but i am still interested in the topic.hbd chickhttp://hbdchick.wordpress.comnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5491220859163652191.post-5224094116362712992011-01-11T16:20:59.005-08:002011-01-11T16:20:59.005-08:00‘. . . it is very difficult for those steeped in a...‘. . . it is very difficult for those steeped in a culture of retribution to understand that there are different (and better) ways of providing justice and stability. The system of punishment isn't very good at providing a stable productive society. . . .’<br /><br />As much as I appreciate your desires for a better world, Mother Nature calls bull to a core feature of your argument: As loving and nurturing as your Ubuntu muse, the South Africans never produced much beyond an endearing philosophy, a few stone tools, grass huts and various craftworks. Along with executing innocents, Texans build space stations. How much science, how many empires came out of tribal Africa. Further, if you look at the rate of homicides [Wiki], >30 per 100,000 for So. Africa, ~ 10 for Texas (1.5 for W. and Central Europe). You must look beyond philosophy to know the world.<br /><br />If you look at the adversarial system of English law – was it the Cause of Britain’s (and USA’s) success, or did Britain/America succeed despite it? I appreciate that it is very difficult for those steeped in a culture of utopian idealism to recognize ours is a Darwinian world, but nature gives no points for niceness. <br /><br />Point being, better is only better if it first works, and second, actually works better. Nature is the only judge, and suffers few fools. Whatever you may think of tribal Africa, it offers no challenge to Texas. I hope most of us desire (and are willing to work for) a kinder, gentler world, but I suspect it advantageous to improve upon what has proven in the past to work the best. Ubuntu society may have proven stable, but not productive, so perhaps a blending could serve?Anonymousnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5491220859163652191.post-48950551460049350582010-12-23T20:00:14.244-08:002010-12-23T20:00:14.244-08:00Thank you for the link. I have only seen the abst...Thank you for the link. I have only seen the abstract, but I am virtually certain that they did not measure actual NO levels. It is likely that instead they measured nitrite plus nitrate (metabolites of NO) and from those tried to infer the actual NO levels. This is a very common mistake. Nitrite and nitrate levels reflect the production rate of NO, integrated over a considerable period of time. The production rate is independent of the concentration. The effects of NO on sGC are concentration dependent, not production rate dependent. It is wrong and not useful to try and infer NO concentrations from nitrite plus nitrate concentrations. NO concentrations are in the nM/L level, nitrite plus nitrate are ~10,000 or more times higher (and variable). <br /><br />In steady state, the production rate equals the destruction rate (no accumulation). In blood, the destruction is by hemoglobin and the rate depends on the product of the NO concentration times the hemoglobin concentration. If you lower the hemoglobin concentration, the NO concentration goes up, and causes the vasodilatation observed in isovolemic anemia. Take blood out and replace it with plasma, the NO levels go up, blood pressure goes down, the blood flow rate increases and there is no change in O2 delivery. You can measure an increased NO level in exhaled breath when this happens. <br /><br />Actual NO levels are in the nM/L range or lower (usually and also in the case of CFS). NO has a very short lifetime in blood (seconds). The only way to measure NO in blood would be with NO sensitive electrodes in situ. Maybe if they collected blood with a spin trap to sequester the NO, but then mixing presents a problem. <br /><br />There are no techniques that I am aware of to measure actual NO levels in vivo on the time and length scales that are important, sub-second, sub micron, and sub nM/L. NO in blood is not a very important NO parameter because the hemoglobin destroys it so rapidly. I appreciate that researchers like to take measurements in blood because blood is easy to gain access to. <br /><br />There is tremendous cross-talk between different NO-species, RSNO in blood is probably more important than actual NO as far as NO physiology goes. The most abundant RSNO species in blood is S-nitrosoalbumin, and is ~10,000 times higher concentration than NO. Multiple enzymes can take the NO off of S-nitrosoalbumin and put it on another thiol in the process called transnitrosation. These enzymes can operate through intact cell membranes, and without every producing free NO.<br /><br />Did they measure the S-nitrosothiol level of blood? N-nitrosothiol? Nitrosylheme? Unless you measure all of them, you can't really talk about the NO status of the blood. The NO status changes minute by minute, depending on what physiology is trying to do. <br /><br />People with CFS may have normal levels of NO in their blood. NO in the blood is used to regulate vascular tone (mostly). If you have “normal” blood pressure, then you likely have “normal” NO levels in the blood, and adjacent to the endothelium in the smooth muscle that sets vascular tone. A “normal” level in the vascular wall tells you nothing about what the level is in skeletal muscle cells a few microns away. <br /><br />The NO level in skeletal muscle mitochondria is quite dynamic. At rest it is high enough to block cytochrome c oxidase from binding O2. At high levels of aerobic exercise it is low enough to allow O2 to bind and be reduced. Much of that NO physiology is mediated through S-nitrosation of proteins. <br /><br />http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20533907<br /><br />http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19461104<br /><br />http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19407240daedalus2uhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/10416564922288784455noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5491220859163652191.post-85250637709965408762010-12-22T21:04:49.625-08:002010-12-22T21:04:49.625-08:00(sorry, am unable to delete above comment and this...(sorry, am unable to delete above comment and this one. Please feel free to.)ZenMonkeyhttp://newly-nerfed.netnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5491220859163652191.post-90733200224375522052010-12-22T21:02:50.860-08:002010-12-22T21:02:50.860-08:00Thought you might find this interesting.
http://...Thought you might find this interesting. <br /><br />http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21164046<br /><br />My NO levels, by the way, are fine.ZenMonkeyhttp://newly-nerfed.netnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5491220859163652191.post-27187014051438632762010-12-12T16:24:58.768-08:002010-12-12T16:24:58.768-08:00I am aware that some people call neurological comp...I am aware that some people call neurological computational structures “wet ware”, that term is ill defined. I don't really know what the term means, and neither does anyone else. <br /><br />Hardware and software are understood and humans can make and utilize either one of them or both to accomplish computations. People want to use a hardware-type metaphor for the brain, and a software-type metaphor for memories and such. The use of those metaphors is wrong. The brain does not have anything that is like software. The brain has no hardware independent mechanism to instantiate the storage of data the way that software can be stored.daedalus2uhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/10416564922288784455noreply@blogger.com